The 'Present’ workpackage employs anthropology, history, ecology, ecological economics, remote sensing, ecosystem and climate modelling and participatory approaches to understand the changing nature of montane ecosystem composition during the past 50 years, applying these insights to quantify changes to the food-water-energy nexus. Doing so will allow us to analyse interacting drivers of change to develop a better understanding of social outcomes (e.g. winners vs losers) from ecosystem services trade-offs, and how Nature is used, by who, and over what scale. This is essential to understand the current challenges to the delivery of food, water and energy by and within mountain social-ecological systems across the region.